MINNEAPOLIS—When Eric Kaler became president of the University of
Minnesota last year, he pledged to curb soaring tuition by cutting
administrative overhead. But he hit a snag: No one could tell him
exactly what it cost to manage the school.
Like many public colleges, the University of Minnesota went on a
spending spree over the past decade, paid for by a steady stream of
state money and rising tuition. Officials didn't keep close tabs on
their payroll as it swelled beyond 19,000 employees, nearly one for
every 3½ students. "The more questions I asked, the less happy I was,"
Dr. Kaler said.
Many of the newly hired, it turns out, were doing little teaching. A
Wall Street Journal analysis of University of Minnesota salary and
employment records from 2001 through last spring shows that the system
added more than 1,000 administrators over that period. Their ranks grew
37%, more than twice as fast as the teaching corps and nearly twice as
fast as the student body.
Across U.S. higher education, nonclassroom costs have ballooned,
administrative payrolls being a prime example. The number of employees
hired by colleges and universities to manage or administer people,
programs and regulations increased 50% faster than the number of
instructors between 2001 and 2011, the U.S. Department of Education
says. It's part of the reason that tuition, according to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, has risen even faster than health-care costs.
The University of Minnesota illustrates the trend. Its main Twin Cities
campus had the largest share of employees classified as
"executive/administrative and managerial" among the 72
"very-high-research" public universities in the 2011-12 academic year,
according to data compiled by the U.S. Department of Education.
Minnesota officials say the figures are misleading because not all
schools report administrative spending the same way.
At Minnesota, tuition and fees for state residents have more than
doubled in a decade, to $13,524. That far exceeds the average at
four-year public colleges of $8,655, which also represents a doubling,
according to the College Board. Private-college tuition averages
$29,056, but has risen more slowly.
For students, the effect is striking. In 1975, a University of Minnesota
undergraduate could cover tuition by working six hours a week
year-round at a minimum-wage job, the Journal calculated. Today, a
student would have to work 32 hours at minimum wage to cover the cost.
Gregory Kiss, a sophomore business major, expects to graduate owing more
than $30,000. Trying to economize, he bought a dining plan that
provides only 10 meals a week.
Mr. Kiss tapped a nerve when he launched a website listing campus events
where free food was to be had. He has attended lectures about
evangelical Christianity, (with free Korean BBQ), cell regeneration
(burritos) and something called "the feast of nations," which he says
was the tastiest.
"I think it's a good school and it's a good value, but I know I'm going to be paying it off for a long time," Mr. Kiss says.
The bureaucracy finds numerous ways to spend money. Officials have spent
millions planning a not-yet-built residential community 20 miles from
the University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus designed in part to
showcase sustainable energy and environmental stewardship.
Administrative employees make up an increasing share of the university's
higher-paid people. The school employs 353 people earning more than
$200,000 a year. That is up 57% from the inflation-adjusted pay
equivalent in 2001. Among this $200,000-plus group, 81 today have
administrative titles, versus 39 in 2001.
Administrators making over $300,000 in inflation-adjusted terms rose to 17 from seven.
Many forces besides administrative overhead add to universities' cost
pressures, among them health-care and retirement expenses. And among the
administrative spending, some is unavoidable, such as that owing to
federal rules requiring greater spending to oversee research grants or
accommodations for students with disabilities.
Schools also compete—by necessity, they say—to offer fancier dorms,
dining halls, gyms and other amenities, to raise their rankings and
attract students. "It's a competitive business, and institutions compete
for students the same way Lexus and Mercedes compete for car buyers,"
says Paul Lingenfelter, executive director of the State Higher Education
Executive Officers Association.
To compete, schools have stepped up borrowing for construction. Total
debt at public four-year colleges more than tripled between 2002 and
2011, to $88 billion, according to the Department of Education. At the
University of Minnesota, the yearly cost of servicing debt more than
doubled to $106 million in that time.
For decades, public universities were somewhat insulated from financial
rigor by steadily increasing state funding. That has slowed or stopped
in many states in tight budgetary times. Minnesota's government last
year contributed $570 million to university operations, which was about
the same as in the 2003-04 school year despite inflation and roughly 10%
increased enrollment.
Higher education now faces pressures similar to those that reshaped
other segments, Minnesota's Dr. Kaler says. "You look at American
industry in general—the car industry got comfortable until the Japanese
showed up, the airline industry was comfortable until it got
deregulated," he says. "Now it's higher ed's turn."
Academia's contemplative culture can provide fertile ground for growth
in bureaucracy. In a speech after becoming president, Dr. Kaler told the
story of 33 words inscribed on the auditorium in 1936. It took the
creation of an inscription committee, the hiring of an "inscription
consultant"—and 12 years—before chisel met stone, he said.
The number of employees at the University of Minnesota with "human
resources" or "personnel" in their job title—272—has increased by a
third since the 2004-2005 academic year, a period during which the
enrollment grew approximately 8%.
In its Office of Equity and Diversity, the number of people with
"director" in their title grew to 10 in the 2011-2012 school year from
just four directors five years earlier, by a university official's
count.
Growth in the diversity office is an attempt to make the campus "more
inclusive and more welcoming to people of different backgrounds," Dr.
Kaler says.
Caution fed bureaucratic growth after the school agreed to pay the
federal government $32 million in 1998 to settle allegations relating to
sales of an unlicensed transplant drug. The school acknowledged
mismanagement of grant funds, and the National Institutes of Health put
its grant applications under special scrutiny, creating research delays
and faculty departures.
To prevent a repeat, officials imposed "fairly onerous bureaucratic
processes," said R. Timothy Mulcahy, vice president for research. He
said the university "evolved a very, very risk-averse, very, very
conservative culture."
Several years ago, Russell Luepker, a professor of epidemiology at the
school of public health, sought reimbursement for a $12 parking bill.
The form went from a secretary to the head of his department to an
accountant who entered it in a computer to a senior accountant
responsible for approving it. Richard Portnoy, chief administrative
officer in the epidemiology department, estimates it cost $75 to move
the paperwork. When Dr. Luepker heard of it, he stopped filing for
parking reimbursements.
The Journal, using payroll data provided by the university, calculated
that across all of the system's campuses, administrators consume 24% of
the payroll, up from 20% in 2001. Employees who teach, such as
professors, lecturers and instructors, account for 37% of the payroll,
down from 39% in 2001, the Journal calculated.
The university hasn't maintained a consistent definition of an
administrative employee through the years. The Journal based its
analysis on 151 job titles the university classified as executive,
administrative or managerial at some point between 2001 and 2012.
To make year-to-year comparison valid, the Journal included all 151 such
job titles for each year. Likewise, the Journal's totals for teaching
jobs include all 42 job titles the university has considered
instructional at some point between 2001 and 2012.
The university said many employees at the school wear several hats, so
that some who have administrative titles also teach, and some job titles
don't accurately describe the work an employee actually does.
In June, the university did its own analysis of compensation, which
totals well over $1 billion a year. One conclusion it reached was that
salary and fringe benefits for those in "leadership"—previously 6% of
the compensation total—had risen to 7% of total compensation.
A university spokesman, Chuck Tombarge, said administrative efforts such
as giving guidance to students do generate benefits. He pointed to the
Twin Cities campus's rate of four-year graduation: about 58% in 2008, up
from 41% in 2002.
Dr. Kaler, in his inaugural address in September 2011, criticized the
costs of "long meetings, excessive committee deliberations and endless
email chains" that contribute to a "tangled web of bureaucracy that dogs
us." He pledged to reduce administrative expenses.
One hurdle: The system's chief financial officer, Richard Pfutzenreuter
III, says that while he can track the cost of heating a particular floor
of a building or of serving a cafeteria meal, he can't specify elements
of the hierarchy such as how many people report to each manager. The
human-resources system doesn't track such chain-of-command information,
he said, because "it wasn't a priority in the past."
Streamlining the chain of command has proved important in controlling
costs elsewhere. A 2010 analysis of the University of California
Berkeley by Bain & Co. found that supervisors oversaw an average of
5.1 employees. The school raised that to 7.1 and saved $20.5 million
annually, says Andrew Szeri, dean of Berkeley's graduate division.
Dr. Kaler ordered a review of Minnesota's spending. A survey found that
in the system, which has about 43,800 undergraduates and 68,400 students
in all, people were calling 73 different numbers for help with computer
trouble. He is trying to reduce that to one.
Some things the school uses money for are arguably distant from its
teaching mission. Since 2006, it has spent $10 million on consultants
and others for UMORE Park, a planned 30,000-resident community that the
university will build on land it has 20 miles from the Twin Cities
campus.
School officials say the community reflects the changing mission of a
public university in the 21st century. They also say it will one day
yield a large return, partly from gravel that can be extracted on the
land and sold.
Meanwhile, however, the project is decades from completion but already
has four staff members, including a $171,000-a-year director.
The University of Minnesota system employs 139 people in its promotions,
marketing and communications departments. It has spent more than $8
million since 2006 on an ad campaign to buff its image. A university
spokesman said these efforts encourage donations that, in part, help
fund scholarships.
When state funding initially grew tighter, Dr. Kaler's predecessor,
Robert Bruininks, says he responded with a wide range of steps that
included freezing or reducing salaries, eliminating 14 car allowances,
restructuring the health-care and retirement systems and closing dozens
of extension-school offices. Dr. Bruininks said he "reduced the number
of vice presidents by three during my last year," and "we reduced the
number of deans by three in closing and combining colleges."
The austerity measures weren't evenly distributed. Traditionally,
professors who had temporarily taken administrative roles but were
returning to teaching have been given a year of paid leave to refresh
their skills. The pay traditionally was not at their higher
administrative level but the academic level.
Before leaving last year, Dr. Bruininks approved more than $2 million of
such transition packages, in some cases at the employees' higher
administrative salaries.
An uproar that ensued when the Minneapolis Star Tribune reported on the
payments earlier this year led the school's Board of Regents to tighten
its oversight of the packages, diminishing the president's discretion.
Dr. Bruininks said that the dollar amount was high in part because there
were so many administrators transitioning back to academia and that the
packages were appropriate "to attract and retain leaders in higher
education."
Dr. Kaler has a salary of $610,000 and his chief of staff of $195,000.
Minnesota's governor makes $120,000. Mr. Kaler, 56, said his pay "is
competitive in the marketplace." He has turned down an $18,000 raise.
Among his efforts to economize, Dr. Kaler said he recently eliminated
the office of academic administration after its head took a job
elsewhere. He said the move will cut 5.5 full-time positions, including a
senior vice president who earned $300,000-plus.
Dr. Kaler said he wants to bring discipline, accountability and
transparency to the school's administration. Fifteen months into the
job, he figures he is about 45% of the way there.
To Dr. Luepker, in the public-health department, such goals are up
against an institutional inertia that inhibits the periodic streamlining
common in business. "We establish things and programs and they never
quite go away," Dr. Luepker says. "They're nice people and they're
colleagues and they're good people…but in this environment, you have to
ask can we continue to do this?"
